Title: Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip
Author: William H Hovell and Hamilton Hume
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A Project Gutenberg of Australia eBook
Title: Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip
Author: William H Hovell and Hamilton Hume
JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY
TO PORT PHILLIP,
NEW SOUTH WALES;
BY
MESSRS. W. H. HOVELL,
AND
HAMILTON HUME:
IN
1824 and 1825.
DEDICATION.
TO SIR THOMAS BRISBANE, BART. K.C.B.
In testimony of respect for his military conduct, and scientific
acquirements; of esteem for his upright and honorable Administration
of this Government; (his enlightened endeavours to introduce amongst
us the free Institutions of the Mother Country; and especially his
patronage of a Free Press, that most precious of all boons to this
distant land:) as well as of attachment for his many amiable
qualities and private virtues--this publication, whose objects are
intimately connected with the interests of a Colony, in which his
name and merits will ever be revered, and his memory gratefully
cherished, is inscribed by his very obliged and faithful and
obedient servant,
W. Bland.
Sydney, New South Wales.
PREFACE.
An explanation is due for the lateness of this Publication, and it
is therefore necessary to state the Gentlemen who performed the
journey, were at first, (a circumstance often connected with real
merit) fearful that their exertions were hardly deserving of public
notice; nor were they induced to change this opinion, until a
considerable time after their return,--nor then, but at the
suggestion of their friends. This circumstance was some time
afterwards mentioned to the Editor, who with much pleasure
undertook the arrangement of the papers, but was prevented in the
commencement of his task by an illness, which did not allow him to
resume his design for many months, when, a considerable portion of
the work having been actually printed, a new and most unexpected
obstacle to its progress occurred, it being announced that THE
PRINTER had no more paper, and that it was utterly impossible at
that time to procure a supply of that article in the Colony.
The late journey of Captain Sturt down the Murrambidgee, which may
be considered a mere continuation of the previous plan of Messrs.
Hovell and Hume, it is hoped will be admitted a happy opportunity
for their present, though late introduction of the results of their
laborious undertaking to the public, not only on account of the
important intrinsic value of their labors, but from their almost
inseparable connection with those of the latter traveller. Thus to
give a geometrical idea of the relation of the route of Messrs.
Hume and Hovell, and of that of Captain Sturt, it may be said, that
the line of march of the former may be considered as the base line
of a triangle, one side of which is formed by the route of Captain
Sturt, the other by the line of coast to the southward, extending
from Encounter Bay (in which is situate the Emboucheur of the Lake
Alexandrina*), to Port Phillip: and the whole contents of which
triangle, a space of about 112,500 square miles, consisting
generally of an extremely fine country, intersected by numerous
streams and rivers, are now by the conjoint labours of Messrs.
Hovell and Hume, and of Capt. Sturt, laid open to the public.
* See Appendix, No. 3.
The real merit of the task of the two original travellers will be
best estimated by a reference to the work of the late Mr. Oxley,
Surveyor General, in which the very FINE country actually TRAVERSED
by them is denounced as* UNINHABITABLE, and according to the
prevailing opinions of that time IMPASSABLE also; indeed, the
Colonists must well remember how hopeless the attempt of these two
travellers appeared at the time at which it was undertaken.
However, by their courage and perseverance, and almost without
assistance, the work was achieved, and by it an accession of
information respecting the interior of this country acquired, far
superior to any thing that had preceded it, and which, as far as
regards this Colony, cannot indeed hereafter be readily surpassed.
* We had DEMONSTRATED BEYOND A DOUBT, that no River could fall into
the Sea, between Cape Otway, and Spencer's Gulf, at least none
deriving its waters from the Eastern Coast, and that the Country
South of the parallel of 34, and West of the Meridian 147, 30 East,
was uninhabitable and useless for all the purposes of civilised
man.
Oxley's Journal, APPENDIX--Page 372.
See also Pages 74, 80,100,101, and 106, of the same journal, in
which the same opinion is still more positively and strongly
expressed.
The object of the Editor, which had been completed at the time when
the publication was discontinued from the want of paper, was to
embody in his detail all the more valuable facts, and remarks which
were to be found in the journals of the two travellers, preserving
as nearly as possible their own method of description, and risking
now and then the chance of becoming tedious to the general reader,
for the sake of giving such precise topical information as he
conceived would enable any one, who was so inclined, to follow
their track, or such as would be interesting and important, if not
indispensable, to persons, who might feel disposed to settle in
those Districts, which he describes. His little leisure from
professional pursuits he regrets, left it not in his power to do
much more; and with this explanation he ventures to submit the work
to the kind and considerate indulgence of the reader.
In the Appendix will be found the narratives of the two journies of
Captain Sturt,* as published in the Sydney Gazette, of dates April
9, 1829, and May 13, 1830, and which, with the description of
Western Port, and its vicinities, extracted from the narrative of a
journey performed by Mr. Hovell**, will it is hoped, form a body of
information (the greater part of which has never before been
presented to the public) respecting the interior of this country,
not only highly creditable to the enterprising individuals by whom
the several journies were performed, but of much interest both to
the Colonists, and to the civilised world at large.
* No. 4, ** No. 5.
An error which occurred in the original title page of this work is
to be explained, in which the name "Port Phillip" ought to have
been, and is now, substituted for Western Port, and whence it
appears, that the travellers had, from the imperfection of their
instruments injured as they were in the journey, as well as from
the hurried manner in which some of their observations were
unavoidably taken, committed an error of about thirty or forty
miles in longitude, an error that it is hoped, will readily be
pardoned, and which was not detected, so little of the country was
at that time known, but by Mr. Hovell's subsequent journey to
Western Port, (see appendix.)*
* No 6.
Respecting the description of Western Port and its vicinities one
remark which I beg now to submit, will place the importance of that
document and of other similar documents in their just point of
view, namely, that it has been the want of such information as they
alone are calculated to supply which has caused so many settlements
to be established, always at vast expense to the public, and often
to the utter ruin of individuals, and which yet have scarcely been
formed, ere it has become indispensable to abandon* them. But the
value of such labours need not be insisted upon with those who are
in want of that information which they alone can afford. With the
Colonists, of a young extending Colony, like that of New South
Wales, and with the British public, who have from a thousand
causes, so deep, and daily extending an interest in its welfare,
and advancement.
* E. G. Port Phillip which was settled many years ago, and
abandoned, as it will appear from this very Journal, from a mere
want of a knowledge of the numerous advantages it possessed, and of
later years Melville Island, Port Raffles, with Port Essington, not
to mention the disappointments, the anxieties and the miseries
experienced in the present attempt to settle Swan River, and the
result of which enterprise is yet quite uncertain.--Port Jackson
too itself, may be mentioned as another instance of the effects to
form Settlements without a due degree of the necessary local
information; settled as it was by mere accident, and in consequence
of the well known disappointment, that was met with in the original
attempt to settle on the shores of New Holland.
The names given by Messrs. Hovell and Hume to plants and other
Botanical productions met with in their journey are here retained;
no specimens of plants having been collected by those Gentlemen,
from which alone their more precise denominations could have been
ascertained. The Geological specimens produced, were examined, and
named by Mr. Alexander Berry, of Sydney.
Some extracts from a letter* addressed in the year 1826, to Colonel
Dumaresq will explain the opinions of Messrs. Hovell and Hume at
that time, and will testify the sound judgement by which they were
guided in their laborious investigations as well as in their views
for making future discoveries.
* Appendix, No. 6.
I will now only add, that the value of the labors of Messrs. Hovell
and Hume is becoming daily more and more developed to the Colonists
in the already extensive and extending occupations of land in those
regions first introduced to the knowledge of the Public through
their exertions, not to mention the late journey itself of Captain
Sturt which as to the principles on which it was conducted,
originated with those travellers while from the personal
information of Mr. Hume during his accompaniment of Captain Sturt,
in his previous excursion down the Macquarie and Darling rivers,
the leading information and hints for his latter enterprise were
almost solely derived.
Simce writing the above, it has been thought advisable to add two
or three papers to the Appendix, as well as to subjoin here a few
remarks relative to those papers, and to the present state of the
Colony as a point of immigration.
The Paper, No. 7, the Colonial Petition, now on its way to England,
has been signed by 3525 free inhabitants, and among these
signatures are the names of nearly the whole of our most
respectable Colonists. The motives for this Petition were not only
the conviction of the utter unfitness of the existing form of
Government for the present state of the Colony--but they were the
result of the repeated endeavours of the Colonial Government to
wrest from the Colonists the only possible check upon their Rulers,
"a free Press." THIS created the first alarm among the Colonists,
who plainly perceived, that should the Government prove successful
in this one point--not only would they remain subject to the most
oppressive form of Government in the known world, but that they
would be thus placed without any practicable appeal whatever for
redress. Our Courts, however well known and often proved, the
integrity of the present Colonial Bench, are scarcely any
protection--and would, could the Government have succeeded in this
fatal measure, (and which there was at one time too much ground to
expect) have soon ceased to be any at all, under the present
system, in which the Prosecutor has been known to appoint his own
Jury, and therefore it may not be unfair to say, has been allowed
to decide his own cause, and eventually to continue to inflict or
remit in his own pleasure, the awarded punishment. It is to
obviate this state of things that the Colonial Petition is now
submitted to the Home Government.
The Paper, No. 9, is the Prospectus of a kind of High School, on an
extensive scale, for the Education of our Youth. The land for this
Institution was given so long ago as the year 1825, by Sir Thomas
Brisbane. The Prospectus of this Establishment contains every
information relative to itself, that can be required. I have only
to add, that it has had many and considerable difficulties hitherto
to encounter, and hence the tardiness of it's progress: but which
although slow, is becoming every day more and more certain;--and
there is every reason to hope that it will not be long ere this
most important of all Institutions will be in active and beneficial
operation.
With a School, such as the one proposed, and in which the
appointment of Masters and the admission of Pupils, will rest with
the numerous body of Proprietors, and with that amendment in the
system of our Colonial Government, which the Petition points out,--
the scope of fine country made known to the Public in the present
publication, may be considered a happy Asylum for the surplus
population of the Mother Country. But without a better form of
Government, a confirmed "Free Press," and Institutions for the
Education of Youth, it would be in vain to look to these shores as
a refuge--where an increase of population would become an increase
of evils, tending eventually, unless obviated, by some such means
as those proposed for adoption, to estrangement from the Mother
Country (a circumstance to be equally deprecated by both parties)
to distress and anarchy.
The Paper, No. 8, is a copious extract by permission from the
Report of the President of our Agricultural Society, and which will
prove highly interesting to those who are desirous of information
on the subjects of which it treats.
I shall merely in brief observe here, that the Colony of New South
Wales is admirably adapted to the production of the Olive, and the
Vine, and that there is every reason to believe it is capable of
affording at all times, ample supplies of every description of
grain for its own consumption--that it abounds in excellent timber,
and that its present staple exports are wool, whale oil, seal
skins, and woods, and that, in addition, it is commencing to export
largely the following articles, viz.--hides, tallow, New Zealand
flax, and spars, the extract of Mimosa bark for tanning, and
various other minor productions.
It has manufactories for hats, coarse woollen cloths, and blankets,
leather, salt, soap and candles;--it has also several breweries,
and two distilleries in the vicinity of Sydney, both admirably
situated, and on a scale of magnitude fully adequate to all the
wants of the Colony--with four steam mills, exclusive of numerous
water mills and windmills, employed in manufacturing flour--and
finally an internal revenue of about £100,000*, and a population of
not less than 60,000 inhabitants, according to the most authentic
accounts, though not in conformity with the last official census;
but which for various reasons, it is concluded cannot be correct.
* EXTRACTED FROM THE COLONISTS WITHOUT THEIR CONSENT; AND OF THE
APPLICATION OF WHICH THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT NEITHER RENDERS NOR SEEMS
EVEN TO CONSIDER ITSELF BOUND TO RENDER ANY ACCOUNT TO THE
PUBLIC!!!
I shall conclude these prefaratory remarks, with one observation,
which from its high interest I have expressly reserved for that
purpose, namely, that it would be a matter of the greatest
importance to the Emigrant, that the Government should devise some
means by which the Emigrant might, on his arrival on these shores,
be put in the earliest possible possession of his land. Delay in
this respect being always highly injurious, and but too frequently
equivalent to ruin. The plan that I would propose for this purpose
is--1st. That the Emigrant should be furnished, without
unnecessary delay, with the Government Order for his land HERE, in
conformity to, or in ratification of, an order, with which he ought
to be provided from Home on his embarkation, on his having shown
here that he had fulfilled the conditions of such order--namely,
that he had brought with him such property or monies as had been
stipulated--agreeably to the schedule produced by him, at Home,
with the allowance of such deductions as might be CONSIDERED PROPER
by the Home Government, for the expenses of his outfit, passage and
freight. 2dly. That a monthly corrected chart should be kept at
the Surveyor General's Office in Sydney, always open for public
inspection, so that the Emigrant in selecting land, might not
commit the too frequent mistake of selecting such as had been
already appropriated--after repeated fruitless, but expensive and
harassing journies in search of his proposed allotment, and which
under the present system of conducting this Department, there is no
possible way for him to avoid. Copies of these corrected charts
should also be kept at the various Districts at which the different
Surveyors reside--and, 3rdly. That preference of grants, should be
given to priority of choice, as evidenced by official lists,
corrected daily and equally with the charts, accessible by the
public. Better plans than the above may be suggested. It however
appears infinitely preferable to the one at present in use, and
should it do no more than bring this very important subject under
the serious consideration of the Authorities, it cannot fail
altogether of its proposed utility.
Sydney, New South Wales, January 10, 1831.
JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY
TO
PORT PHILLIP
Saturday, October 2, 1824.--Messrs. Hovell and Hume having met, as
it lay in their route, at Mr. Hume's house, commenced their journey
from Appin, in the County of Cumberland, accompanied by six men*, a
couple of carts, containing their supplies, drawn by four bullocks,
and two horses, having also one spare horse, and a spare bullock;
and each of the men as well as themselves, provided either with a
musket or fowling-piece. At seven, they halt for the night,
opposite to a point of land called Bird's-eye corner, on the
Cowpasture, or Nepean, River.
* Appendix No. 1.
Sunday, Oct. 3.--At nine in the forenoon they ford the river, but
not without much difficulty, from the steepness and loose sandy
nature of the banks, as well as from the heavy lading of the carts.
Here they commence measuring with the perambulator, and having
travelled three miles halt for the night near some waterholes,
adjoining the boundary line of Mr. D'Arietta's fine Estate. The
weather fine, but hot for the time of year.
Monday, October 4.--Renew their journey, proceeding along the road
that leads into Argyleshire.*
* The road was at this time, little more than a mere track. A more
perfect road has been since contracted, forming the great Southern
road into the interior.
The result of their measurements were as follows:--The place of
their departure in the morning to Carriage-creek, seven miles and a
quarter; this to the Stone-quarry-creek two miles and a half, and
this again to Klensendorlffe's Inn, (where they remain the night,)
three miles and a half, thirty rods. The entire distance travelled
this day, being sixteen miles and a quarter.
Tuesday, October 5.--Leave Klensendorlffe's, cross the Bargo-river,
and thence proceed, to Meehan's forest, where they remain the
night. The distance travelled to-day, fourteen miles and a half.
Wednesday, October 6.--Arrive at the watering place in the
Mittigong range, by ten o'clock in the forenoon; here halt. The
weather sultry. At two in the afternoon, again move forward; cross
the Bong-Bong river by five o'clock, and rest on its banks for the
night. The distance from Meehan's forest to Mittigong, seven miles
and a half, thence to the river, six and a half; the total distance
travelled to-day, fourteen miles.
Thursday, October 7.--Had not proceeded more than five miles, when,
the carts requiring some repairs, they availed themselves of the
assistance of a blacksmith living in the neighbourhood for that
purpose, and stop during this short detention at the house of Mr.
James Atkinson, with whom they breakfast. In the evening pass
through Wombat brush*, and arrive a little before sunset at
Patrick's River; here halt for the night. The distance from Bong-
Bong river, to Wombat brush ten miles, thence to Patrick's river
four and a quarter. The total distance from Bird's eye corner
sixty two miles.
* This brush, like most other parts of the country frequented by
the animal from which it takes its name, is an excellent light
soil. Not so the country through which they passed about Patrick's
river; than which nothing can be worse.
Friday, October 8.--Continue their route along the same road as
hitherto, and reach Boombarloo (a distance of eight miles) before
breakfast. Here they remain three hours, then proceed seven miles
to Mr. Barber's farm. The distance travelled to-day, fifteen
miles.
Saturday, October 9.--This spot offering plenty of feed for the
cattle, which appear fatigued, they are allowed to rest. Mr.
Hovell proceeds to Dr. Reid's and Lieutenant Futter's farms (both
in the neighbourhood,) and remains the night at the house of the
latter gentleman.
The weather fine during the earlier part of the day; towards
evening, some appearances of rain.
Sunday, October 10.--Mr. Hovell goes to Dr. Reid's house, and
thence to Mr. Surveyor Harper's tent, at Jocqua, that he may
compare their own compasses with those of Mr. Harper. On his
return finds Mr. Hume and Mr. Barber, at Dr. Reid's house. The
latter part of the day cloudy and attended with rain; and during
the night heavy and continued rain, accompanied at intervals with
squalls from the eastward.
Monday, October 11.--Resume their route, cross a tract of poor
country, (part of Cookbundoon range,) and at dusk reach the carts,
waiting for them at the waterholes under the Governor's hill.*
Here they remain the night. Weather squally, with rain from the
eastward. The distance from Mr. Barber's, through the range, is
twenty-one miles. Road not good.
* These fine fertile plains or downs, are now well known to the
colonists, and there is consequently, required no description of
them here. At about fifteen miles NE. of these downs there is a
considerable quantity of very fine marble of various colours.
Tuesday, October 12--Cross the plains in the direction W. by S W.
to Broughton's stockyards; thence continue their progress W S W. to
the third Breadalbane Plains. Here they halt, at the distance of
seventeen miles from the place (the Governor's hill) at which they
had slept the preceding night.
* Here they turn off the track or bush road along which they had
hitherto been travelling.
Wednesday, October 13.--Arrive at Mr. Hume's station*, about one in
the afternoon, having travelled this day, eight miles and a half,
W S W. Total distance from Bird's eye corner, one hundred and twenty
three miles and a half.
* The land, many miles around Mr. Hume's station, it extremely
good; the hills thickly timbered, the low lands more scantily. The
trees consist of different kinds of the gum; and among these of a
peculiar species called the manna tree (eucalyptus mannifera.)
This, in general appearance, is not much unlike the box, and
produces large quantities of a white sweetish substance, somewhat
resembling manna (whence its name) and which falls from it during
the winter in large quantities, a little after sunrise.
Thursday, October 14.--Messrs. Hume and Hovell, with two of the
men, proceed to Lake George, in order to ascertain the bearings and
distance of the Lake from Mr. Hume's station. The latitude of
which is, by account, 34 48 S. and by double altitude, 34 51. The
longitude by account 149 21 E.
They arrive on the borders of the Lake, about 11 in the forenoon.
The Lake bears S. 26 E. and is distant from Mr. Hume's station
about twelve miles. They obtain a fine view of the lake from one
of the lofty hills on its banks. This Lake is about twenty miles
in length, in breadth about eight, inclosed almost entirely with
thickly wooded steep hills; and which towards the South are
surmounted by lofty mountains. The soil in the neighbourhood of
the Lake is in general excellent, except on the hills*. They
return at dusk; the weather unsettled.
* It is said that the natives will not taste of the waters of the
lake. Yet those travellers who drink of it, do not perceive any
thing disagreeable either in the taste or otherwise. There is a
story among the natives, that Lake Bathurst, a piece of water
situate about ten or twelve miles to the eastward of Lake George,
(and which is between three and four miles long, but somewhat less
in breadth) has been entirely formed within their own time; and
that they remember the site which it occupies being dry land. It
has evidently become much increased in size within the last eight
years. It was discovered, as well as the surrounding country, by
Mr. Surveyor Meehan and Mr. Hume, in 1817, when, from the
scantiness of our information of the interior, more particularly in
the immediate vicinity of the settlements, a discovery, even of
this trivial extent, was not unimportant. To these gentlemen the
Colony is indebted also for the first knowledge of Goulburn Plains,
and of nearly the whole of the country in this direction. A
species of pine is discovered on some of the highest mountains
south of Lake George; the wood of which promises to be highly
useful.
Friday, October 15.--Squalls at intervals, but with little rain.
The day occupied in writing letters, and in preparations for to-
morrow's journey.
Saturday, Oct. 16.--Weather cloudy, towards evening, threatening
rain. Prevented from renewing their journey to-day, by the
unexpected desertion of a native guide, who had promised to conduct
them through a part of the country, in their advance.
Sunday, October 17.--Leave Mr. Hume's station (the last which is
settled or occupied by the colonists) without a guide; travel
twelve miles S. 60 W. (through a country affording good pasturage
for cattle, thinly wooded and well watered) then rest for the
night. The soil, near the spot where they halt, is composed
principally of coarse schistus and granite.
Monday, October 18.--They start about seven this morning, their
route lying across an extensive range of hills, S. This range
which is of moderate elevation, lies between their last station and
Yarrh. In crossing this range they marked the trees, in the course
of their route, with an axe. The range itself, extending in the
directions N W. and by N. and S E. and by S. consists of poor land
but thickly wooded. About noon Mr. Hovel ascended an elevation on
the top of the range, at a little distance on the right hand of
their route, which they named "Mount Lookout." From this hill
there is a pleasing view of the country* in their advance,
consisting of plains skirted by fine extensive forest, and this
bounded to the Southward by mountains. A little after noon, they
begin to descend the south side of the range towards Yarrh, through
a country almost the exact counterpart of that which they had just
passed in their ascent. Soon after descending the range, they ford
a small stream, the Gondorroo, a branch of the Murrumbidgee; along
which stream they travel one or two miles and then halt. The
plains seemed here to be extensive, and formed a fine sight, the
soil good, consisting of vegetable decompositions, and the
disintegrations of granite and limestone**, large masses of both of
which descriptions of rock were seen here and there, lying on the
surface. The plains too were interspersed with occasional clumps
of the Native Honeysuckle, sure indications of a loose, light, good
soil. The average direction of their route, S. 45, W.; distance,
travelled, eleven miles.
* Yarr. These plains they afterwards named "M'Dougall Plains,"
from the family name of Lady Brisbane.
** Considerable quantities of shells, embedded in limestone, were
discovered in various parts of these plains.
Mount Look-out bears from the place (the last marked tree,) at
which they entered the plains, N E. by N. and is distant about six
miles.
Another high forest mount which stands by itself, W. 60, N. distant
about ten miles, they named after his Excellency the late Governor,
"Mount Brisbane."
Tuesday, Oct. 19.--Resume their journey; pursuing the direction*
S W. by W. half W.; and having travelled about two miles and a half,
arrive at the highest spot of land in the plains. This is nearly
due S. of Mount Brisbane, and distant from it about ten miles.
* Obliquely across the plains.
Yarrh, Yass, or M'Dougall's Plains, extending in the directions
N W. and S E. consist for the most part, of clear land generally
level. The soil dry and good. These plains are about fifteen
miles in length; in their breadth they vary from five or six to two
or three miles.
Massive pieces of coarse granite, apparently in a state of rapid
decay, are loosely scattered on all the more elevated spots in the
plains; there are also, but lying level with the surface, frequent
appearances of limestone of an excellent quality.
At about eleven o'clock, having crossed the plains, they enter the
forest*, when having travelled over a level country about five
miles and a half, the face of the country, to their surprise,
became at once changed, broken, irregular, and precipitous; so that
it was a considerable time before they could find a route for the
carts.
* This, with the southern mountains forms, most probably, the
barrier of separation between the plains and Monaroo, or Brisbane
Downs; discovered in the year 1823, by Captain Currie, R. N. and
the late Major Ovens.
At three o'clock this afternoon, they found themselves on the banks
of the Murrumbidgee river, having travelled from the place whence
they started this morning, eleven miles S. 60 W.
The river, however, is so swollen by the late rains, that it
appears utterly impassable, and it is evidently rising.
The whole of the country, on the opposite side of the river, is
broken and irregular; and, from the appearance of a high
perpendicular rock on the opposite bank, it is presumed that the
hills on that side, are composed of limestone also. The strata, of
which this rock is composed, lie some of them in an angle of 45,
and some of them in an angle of about 60 degrees; but on a hill
near the tent, the limestone lies in large broken fragments,
equally irregular in size and figure, intermixed with portions of a
reddish earthy substance, very similar to tile.
The river is from thirty to forty yards in breadth, the water in
most places level with the top of the banks. The rate of the
current, at the place where they are to cross, seems between five
and six knots an hour. Weather squally.
The timber consists on this side of the plain, of stringy bark,
box, the manna tree, and the she-oak; the last of which is found
only on the banks of the river. The greater portion of the soil is
good.
Wednesday, October 20.--The weather fine except a few light
showers. As the river is still rising, they are prevented from
crossing it, and are in consequence detained on its banks.
Thursday, October 21.--The weather throughout fine. Waters
stationary; no appearance of their falling. A party is therefore
sent out to hunt, but returns without success. This river, as well
as all those streams which they have already crossed, abounds with
excellent fish, of the same species as that in the Lachlan, and in
the other streams which run to the westward. These are in shape
like the cod-fish, and of a fine flavour.* The thermometer at noon
70.
* These fish weigh in general from five to twenty pounds; some of
them even exceed the latter weight. They take the bait readily.
Friday, October 22.--No reduction, nor apparent probability of any
early reduction of the waters. It is determined therefore to make
the attempt without further delay, and whatever the risk, of
crossing the river*--an operation which is literally no sooner
determined upon than effected.
* The details may perhaps be of some utility. The timber of the
country unless dry, and there was none to be found in this state,
is not even of itself buoyant, or they would hare availed
themselves of it, to construct a temporary raft or boat for the
conveyance of the supplies; and at this season, as the trees do not
readily part with their bark, they were precluded also from having
recourse to this not unusual substitute for the former. They now,
therefore, but accidentally, turned their thoughts to the carts;
one of which, stripped of its axle, wheels, and shafts, and
securely covered with a tarpaulin, was readily converted into a
tolerably good punt, or boat; this was found both sufficiently
buoyant, and not too crank. The next step was to convey the end of
a stout rope to the opposite bank, for the purpose of their being
enabled to ply their boat backwards and forwards across the stream;
and to effect this indispensable object, Mr. Hume and one of the
men undertook the dangerous enterprise of swimming across the
river, taking with them a small line, of about six feet long, which
they carried between their teeth; and to the bite or middle of
which, was attached a line of a similar description, but which was
of a length sufficient to reach across the stream. This was not
done without great difficulty, and some danger, both from the
extreme rapidity of the current, and the great pressure of the
water on a length of line so considerable as was necessary for the
purpose, the weight of the latter, not only retarding the progress
of the swimmers, but occasioning them to swim deeply, and at times
dragging them almost under the water, and by which circumstance
they were in fact, swept down the river a considerable distance,
ere they could reach the opposite bank. They now conveyed one of
the ends of their intended tow-rope across the river, by means of
the line, and by ten o'clock, every thing being in readiness, and
their boat loaded, and carrying not less than 6 or 7 cwt. made its
first trip. The bollocks and horses were now conducted across
separately; some of the bullocks being in a state of almost
complete submersion, during the operation, and one of them becoming
turned upon its back, and continuing in this position a considerable
portion of the passage. These difficulties were attributable,
partly to the cattle not being accustomed to swimming, and partly to
the dangerous rapidity of the stream; which, with the roughness of
the weather, and the unusual coldness of the water, contributed to
render this undertaking to the swimmers at least, not less
unpleasant than it was evidently hazardous.
One of the carts is made to supply the place of a punt or boat, and
the end of a tow-rope, having been conveyed across the river, in
the course of four or five hours, the whole of the supplies,
including the second cart is landed, without loss or injury, on the
left bank of the Murrumbidgee. The horses and bullocks are now
conducted separately across the stream, though not without much
difficulty, and considerable risk, by means of the tow-rope. By
five o'clock, every thing had been readjusted; and they rest for
the night on the banks of the stream, a short distance from the
place at which they had crossed. The weather during the earlier
part of the day, cloudy and showery; towards evening, squalls,
accompanied at intervals with heavy rain.
Saturday, October 23rd.--Immediately on leaving the banks of the
Murrumbidgee, they commence crossing obliquely, and in a zig-zag
course (the mean direction of which is S W.) a moderately steep but
high limestone range, lying nearly N. and S. (parallel with the
river at this spot) thinly wooded, but well covered with good
grass. From the summit of this range, an extensive view of the
river is obtained, first forming a reach of two or three miles to
the northward, when it becomes concealed by its hilly banks and
bends to the westward, and then returning in a southerly direction
to the western aspect of the range to a spot not more than three
quarters of a mile from where they stood, forms an extensive
peninsula. From this point (until it is again lost among the
sloping hills and precipitous rocks which alternately form its
banks) it pursues a course of about three-quarters of a mile,
nearly due west.
To the south and S S E. the river is seen at intervals, for a
distance of three or four miles, and beyond this an interminable
extent of a broken, irregular, and mountainous country presents
itself to the eye.
From the summit of the range, they continue the same course, viz.
S W. descend gradually a distance of about one mile, then proceed
through a hilly forest country a distance of about seven miles; at
the termination of which, they meet with a second hilly range,
lying in the same direction as the first, viz. N. and S. of about
the same height, or perhaps somewhat higher, yet utterly unlike
that range, the soil being bad, thickly wooded, and almost without
grass. This range they also cross obliquely as the former,
observing (to facilitate the travelling of the cattle) the same zig-
zag course.
At five o'clock they have arrived at the summit of this range, on
the western side of which, immediately before them, are some fine
natural meadows; these they are crossing at six; walking over grass
superior to any which they had ever seen in the colony.
Each of these beautiful small meadows is skirted by forest, and
this again walled in by steep mountains or hills. They lie on the
left bank of the Murrumbidgee, but from which stream they are
separated by part of the above barrier.*
* The general sward of these meadows, consists not only of a fine
grass like English rye-grass, but also of other grasses, similar to
clover lucerne, and burnet.
The trees here consisted solely of the manna tree. In the hilly
ranges they had met with the box and the stringy bark; and in the
limestone districts they had seen the honey-suckle, and a small
species of blue gum.
At sun-set, about mid-way across these meadows, they halt for the
night, near a chain of small ponds (of good water) extending
obliquely across the meadows in a N W. direction.
Their course S. 35 W. the distance travelled ten miles.
Sunday, Oct. 24.--Up to two o'clock, the day was spent in a
laborious but ineffectual attempt to discover a pass through the
mountain barrier in their advance. The party now separated; Mr.
Hovell, with one of the men, following a chain of ponds in the
direction N W. for four or five miles; when these ponds were found
to form a stream, which made its escape through a chasm dividing
the northern and western barrier ranges from each other. Down this
chasm the stream soon precipated itself in numerous falls, so that
it became impracticable to follow it further. From one of the
forest hills of the northern range, a fine view of the Murrumbidgee
was again obtained at a considerable depth (perhaps a quarter of a
mile) immediately skirting the range--extending in a direct course
towards them from the eastward about two miles, and from them to
the westward about three miles, a rapid and fine stream of somewhat
larger dimensions than at the spot where they had crossed it.
They would now have returned to the tent, but lost their way in the
attempt to find an emu which they had killed on their way out.
Mr. Hume, with two of the men, took the direction S W.; when, after
proceeding about two miles, he met also with a chain of ponds,
extending in the direction of his route; which again became a
stream.--This they succeeded in tracing, though not without much
difficulty, until bending more to the westward, and descending
rapidly through a deep narrow chasm it poured its waters into
another stream which it met at right angles on the western side of
the range. This little stream was about twenty yards wide, flowing
rapidly over pebbles and loose fragments of rock. On its opposite
bank was a beautiful valley, bounded on the west by a high and
almost perpendicular range, extending parallel with the one through
which they had just passed. Mr. Hume being satisfied of the
practicability of the pass which he had just discovered, they now
return to the tent, where they arrive a little before sunset.
Thermometer at noon 72 deg.
Monday, Oct. 25.--Mr. Hovell had returned to the tent by seven
o'clock this morning, and by five in the afternoon the whole party
had descended with safety through the pass which had been
discovered by Mr. Hume, and had arrived at the precise spot where
his journey had terminated yesterday. Here they remained the
night. Distance travelled in a direct line, five miles and a half,
about S. 22 W.
Tuesday Oct. 26.--This morning was occupied in forwarding the
supplies, as well as the carts across the stream--when they again
pitched their tent not far from its left bank. Mr. Hovell was now
employed in making arrangements for leaving the carts, (which from
the mountainous character of the country before them, it had become
impracticable to take further), and in concealing along the banks
of the stream such of the supplies as they perceived it would be
impossible to convey on the backs of the cattle. Meantime Mr.
Hume, with one of the men, proceeds in a N W. direction, in quest
of a pass through the western barrier of the valley, travels five
miles and then returns, at dusk, to the tent; having obtained a
sight of the Murrumbidgee, along the banks of which river, they had
been informed by the natives, there is a route, leading to some
extensive plains in the interior. Killed a kangaroo. Thermometer,
at noon, in the shade, 79 deg.
Wednesday, Oct. 27.--The bullocks having strayed, the party were
not enabled to start till near noon. They now proceed about five
miles and a half in the direction N W. by N.; and at half after
two o'clock, arrive at the Murrumbidgee river, which having just
been joined (on its left bank) by the stream they had passed
yesterday, as well as by a small creek on its right bank, is here
running in the direction W. by S. a broad, apparently deep, and
rapid stream.
Along the banks of this river they proceed about two miles (in the
direction W. by S.) when they arrive at the western border of the
valley. Here they soon discovered that which, no doubt, was the
route pointed out to them by the natives. But unfortunately this
proved to be a mere footpath, so narrow as scarcely to admit one
person at a time. Beneath which, at the depth of about ten feet,
was the stream, and above it the mountain inclining not more than
15 or 20 deg from the perpendicular. This route therefore, if
practicable for the men, it was too clear, was not merely unsafe,
but utterly impracticable, for the cattle. They had passed some
native huts about half a mile before their arrival at this spot.
Mr. Hume contrived, but with considerable difficulty, to ascend the
range, whence he obtained a view of the river forming a reach of
two or three miles due west; and of the country in the same
direction, which appeared more level, and of a less general
elevation than any which they had passed the last few days, and the
hills lower, and more scantily wooded. They now retraced their
steps about two miles and a half, and then halted at sunset, about
five miles from the spot which they had left in the morning.
Thursday, Oct. 28.--They travel to-day 13 miles, effecting a course
about due S., nearly the entire length of the valley, (its average
breadth appeared to be about a mile and a half); when they found
its southern extremity almost completely closed by a mountain
branch given off from the western barrier range, the bluff
extremity of which is washed by the same stream which they had
lately crossed. The soil of this extensive valley is of a highly
productive character, the basis of it being formed of the debris of
limestone and of a fine granite, and this again rests upon a blue
limestone, which generally, at regular intervals of between four
and six feet, appears above the surface, forming long ridges in the
direction N W. by N. and S E. by S. (nearly parallel with the
mountains on each side), frequently extending uninterruptedly, one
or two miles in length. Each of these ridges forms an inclined
plane, and is about two feet in breadth, with its bluff or higher
edge facing the east, and its inclined edge facing the west.* The
interstices between the ridges are thickly covered with a fine
grass, which, with the bare bluff edges of the ridges present, on
being viewed from the eastward, the singular appearance of small
waves following each other in regular succession.
* In their progress up this valley, there were observed several
large and deep holes, apparently the outlets of some considerable
subterranean cavities; rich, probably, in the organic remains of
these regions. See Appendix.
The base of the western barrier range, and about one-third of its
height consist of limestone. The upper portion appears to be
chiefly plum-pudding stone, resting on an interposititious layer of
a species of schistous or slate. The lower part of the range
appears highly productive, and on the upper division to the very
summits, the grass seems good and the trees healthy, but the
schistous stratum forms a broad belt, conspicuously marked by
almost utter sterility.
Friday, October 29.--At sunrise Mr. Hume, with one of the men,
ascends a high hill not far from the tent, in order to obtain a
view of their projected route. From this is seen an opening* in
the direction S. half W. similar, apparently, to the one through
which they had passed on the 25th instant. Thither, a distance of
nearly two miles, they proceed after breakfast, when this opening
is discovered to be merely a mountain chasm of not more than ten
feet wide. The precipitous sides of this are upwards of a hundred
feet in height, and the bottom of it forms the bed of a small
stream, at present about two or three feet deep. Their route up
this, is of course impracticable. They now, therefore, retrace
their steps about a mile and a half towards the branch of the
Murrumbidgee, and then commence their ascent of the mountains
contiguous to the main range, which forms the western boundary of
the valley. After two or three hours of much fatigue to the
cattle,** by pursuing a zigzag route, they arrive at the summit of
the most elevated part of the range near them. This proved,
unexpectedly, to be a broad flat table land, and this again so
thickly wooded, that their view to the westward was utterly
intercepted, while in the direction S E. which was more open, the
country appeared unusually mountainous and irregular. The grass
here is indifferent; the timber good. About a mile and a half from
the spot at which they had reached the summit of this table-range,
they encounter a fine little stream, a desirable object, the day
being very hot. Here, at one o'clock, they stop to refresh, and
resume their route at three, observing the direction S S W. through
a country utterly dissimilar from any which they have yet noticed
on their route. The soil here is not good, but the grass, if not
too old, would be far from bad. The timber superior to any which
they have hitherto met with; and there is abundance of excellent
water. The line of that portion of the mountains on which they are
still travelling, lies N E. and S W.
* But which was discovered and examined by Mr. Hume, and therefore
described on the 24th.
** Each of the cattle had a burthen to carry of not less than three
hundred weight.
About six o'clock they halt for the night, near a little stream.
Distance travelled eight miles.
Saturday, October 30.--The day cloudy, but temperate and agreeable.
The distance travelled seven miles and a half, in a course winding
from S. to W. The surface, hitherto level, is now broken by
undulations, forming successive series of little hills and valleys,
with here and there some flats, consisting of quagmire or bog.
These are produced by the drainings from the surrounding
elevations, and are the sources of numerous little streams, running
to the northward and eastward. One of these streams, however, a
fine brook, takes its course to the N W.
They yesterday passed through a small forest, full of wombat holes,
and through another to-day (these spots are dangerous for
travelling), and in some places the route was rendered almost
impracticable, by immense quantities of dead timber. Twice had
they to unload the cattle to-day--once in order to cross one of the
numerous little creeks--the stream in which runs (N.) very strong;
and in the second instance, in crossing one of the swampy flats,
and which even then they were not able to effect without
considerable difficulty. The country to the S. and S W. becomes
somewhat more open than usual, and the timber always good,
continues to improve as they advance. They are at present among a
species of mountain gum, of the finest description. The stones
found on the surface, are a coarse granite.
Sunday, October 31st.--They start at sunrise; their route, the
first two miles (incessantly interrupted by swampy gutters, S. 25
W.), along the eastern border of one continued swamp;* the next
five S W. and this also alternately broken by springs and small
creeks, or wombat holes; and at other times, rendered almost
impracticable by immense quantities of dead timber of the largest
size, through generally, a thickly wooded and scrubby country.
Between the swamp, and the latter description of country, they had
met with a small patch of good grass--a timely and very acceptable
relief to the cattle.
* This swamp is covered with a species of moss, and has a
considerable stream of water running along its centre.
Several emus were seen on the opposite (the west) side of the
swamp, but which, from its impassable nature, were inaccessible by
the dogs. At one or two o'clock, they had ascended a considerable
eminence; when they unexpectedly found, that they were not far from
the precipitous and deep descent that forms, it seems, one of the
terminations of the table range, along the summits of which they
had been travelling the last three days. Their course, a distance
of twenty-four miles, it was inferred, had been diagonal in respect
to the summits of this range, and which they had reason to believe
was, in its general breadth, not less than ten miles. From this
eminence, the objects most conspicuous are, a large circular basin,
at the apparent distance, of about ten miles (the bottom of which
comprises some miles of level country,) and the lofty mountains
which surround this spot.
In the direction N W. they observed smoke, supposed to proceed
from the fires of the natives. This direction appears far the most
favourable for their progress, but is abandoned, from the opinion
that it would lead too much to the Westward, of that course, from
which they are desirous as little as possible to deviate.
At two in the afternoon, they arrive at the extremity of the table
range, distant three miles from the elevation just noticed. The
sight of this descent was rather terrific; the idea of passing down
it was yet more so. After some deliberation, however, they
determine on making the attempt, not having been able to discover
any other place more favourable for their purpose. About half-past
two o'clock, they commence operations, by first sending down the
bullocks, and in an hour and a half, the whole party arrive safe at
the foot of the upper division of the descent, when, after some
minutes rest, upon a rocky shelf projecting a few yards from the
sides of the mountain, they recommence their passage down the
second stage of the descent, which is considerably less steep than
the former. At the foot of this range, in the distance, they
perceive a small river, with fine pasturage on its banks, and at
which, they also arrive, at about half-past five o'clock.
This stream, which is very strong, appears to run N W. and is
generally, about three or four rods broad, though in some places
not half so much; the banks appear to be occasionally flooded.
Close to the spot where they pitched their tent was a rapid,
extending in length about sixty feet, and the fall of the water in
which was about ten.
The timber observed in this day's route, consists principally of
the best description of the woolley, and black-butted gums, and of
another species--a sort of box-gum.
From the spot at which they commence their descent, the bearings of
the most remarkable mountains round them were 1st, a very high
pyramidal mountain, S. by W. half W. distant about five or six
miles; 2ndly, a range of mountains, terminating, not far from them
at the river, apparently a continuation of that table range on
which they had just been travelling; and 3dly, continuous ranges of
mountains, extending to the utmost verge of the horizon, in the
direction N W.
The total distance gained to-day, was ten miles S. 25 W.
Monday, November 1st.--Thermometer at sunrise, 50; at noon 89 in
the tent. As there was here sufficient and good feed for the
cattle, which had had but scanty fare, and were much fatigued by
the last three days journey, they resolve to halt for the day,
intending to employ themselves, in making preparations for a good
journey on the morrow. A large kangaroo was killed, and a lobster
was caught in the river, twelve or thirteen inches long, and of an
excellent flavour.* They sow some clover seed, and a few peach
stones, a practice which they had observed at every place at which
they had stopped since the 19th of the last month.
* In size, shape, and in every respect the same as the common
lobster of England, except a number of carbuncles or small nobs on
the back, cuminated, as to constitute a rough or somewhat prickly
surface.
Tuesday, November 2d.--They cross the river immediately, after
breakfast, a little below their resting place; journey along the
left bank, in a N. westerly direction three miles, and then,
leaving the river, proceed S W. two miles along a valley,
appearing to offer a passage in that direction the most desirable
for them. The soil here is not very good. It was now noon, and
the weather oppressively sultry, they therefore remained in this
spot till three,* when they again advanced in the direction
W S W. three miles. Considerable improvement begins to be here
perceptible in the soil, the formation of the hills, and in the
timber, which also stands more thinly scattered than on those parts
of the country over which they had lately travelled. Kangaroos are
in abundance; the grass long and fresh.
* On the bank of a little creek, that joins the stream which they
had left.
About five this afternoon they arrive in sight of some small plains
to the westward, with a large stream in that direction, and an
opening extending N. and S. through which, as far as it could be
seen, the stream pursues its course. The timber, as they approach
this river, appears to be the same as that on the Murrumbidgee, but
there is no swamp oak.
A native path, bearing impressions of the feet of a considerable
number of natives, including those of women and children, was here
met with, extending in the same direction in which they were
themselves desirous of travelling.*
* These paths may, of course often be distinguished from those of
the kangaroo, by the form of the foot marks; besides, those paths
peculiar solely to the kangaroo, are much narrower than the former.
Any of them, however, are highly valuable, being not only the best
guides to grass or to water, but those of the natives being
frequently the only directing marks through an intricate and
difficult country.
The impressions of the feet of the Aboriginal natives may be
readily distinguished from those of Europeans, by the narrowness of
the heel, the comparative broadness of the fore part of the foot,
the shortness of the toe, and a peculiar bend of the internal edge
of foot inwards (a form very probably incident to the method
employed by these people in climbing trees); and the smallness of
the entire impression, compared with that of a European.
Some of the trees bear the marks of iron tomahawks, obtained
possibly from the stockmen at Lake George.
Having advanced two miles further, (S W.) they halt for the night.
The total distance travelled this day, is eleven miles.
Wednesday, November 3.--Weather cloudy; indications of rain. They
start at sunrise; proceed towards the river, and after having
travelled three miles in the direction about S. 20 deg. W. arrive
on its banks. This stream, which they name the "Medway," proves to
be about 100 feet wide, has a strong current, and is of various
depths. They proceed along the right (the E.) bank of this river
three miles (S.) and then rest (at ten o'clock). Several kangaroos
were seen in the course of the day. One of these was killed,
weighing not less than one hundred weight. The basis of the soil
appears to consist of a coarse granite; the grass good. At two in
the afternoon they renew their journey along the right bank of the
river; proceed two miles S. then S. 15 E. two and a half miles.
The river here bending a little to the eastward, they deem it
advisable to cross it; but, finding it too deep, return down the
stream one mile and a quarter, where they discover a place at which
the natives had apparently crossed only a few days previously.
The river, at this ford, is at least 150 feet wide, the current
strong, and the water about two feet and a half deep. Below this
spot, a short distance, there were some falls. They cross with the
cattle, loaded, and shortly after sunset encamp on the left (W.)
bank.
From the marks on its banks, and on the trees, this river is
evidently subject at times to floods, when the water must
occasionally rise at least ten or fifteen feet higher than its
present level.
Thermometer, at sunrise, 54 deg.; at noon, 79 deg.; distance
travelled, nine miles.
Thursday, November 4.--At about half past six o'clock, they again
move forward, leave the banks of the river, and shape their course
for an opening in the mountains, bearing S. 20 E. at the supposed
distance of four miles and a quarter. On their arrival, however,
at this spot (through which they had hoped to be enabled to pass),
they again come in sight of the river, running in the direction N
E.; and here they seem as if they were again about to be completely
shut in on all sides by mountains. Two miles yet further S. they
arrive at the river, where they rest about noon.
During the last four days and nights, they have been tormented by
swarms of little flies; these by day, and a large species of
musquito by night, were found extremely distressing.
The tea-tree grows on the sides of this river. A fish was seen in
the stream, but which refused the bait. This was the first fish
that had been observed in the last two rivers, and closely
resembled the cod fish of the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee.
Convinced of the impossibility of pursuing their desired route, by
proceeding up the river, they decide upon ascending a mountain in
front of them, in the hope that it would prove to be a part of some
continuous main range (that is, running N. and S.), on the summit
of which (as in the late instance), they might be enabled to travel
until they should discover a country somewhat more favourable for
their progress than that immediately around them. After an hour
and a half's fatigue, they reach in safety the summit, but which
they find completely insolated from the main range, excepting at
one point; and here it is connected to it only by a causeway, not
more than 20 feet broad, and about 200 feet long. At this spot
they encamp for the night. The thermometer 76 deg. at noon.
The natives appear to be numerous; in the course of the day, their
fires were seen in different directions, and their huts or camps
(which are constructed in the same manner as those in that part of
the country which we inhabit) have been frequently met with; they
were several times hailed, but could not, although they replied, be
induced to approach.
Distance travelled, seven miles and a half, from S. 20 E. to S. 35
W.
Friday, November 5--At sunrise, having proceeded along the
causeway, or ridge, they commence ascending the mountain, to which
the extremity of it is attached; when having arrived about a
furlong from the summit they find it necessary to unload the
cattle, and for the men to carry up the loads, the ascent having
become so steep, that the cattle are every moment in danger of
slipping or falling, in which event they would be precipitated down
this steep descent, and be inevitably dashed to pieces: the
mountain, part of which rises at an angle of 50 deg. and much of it
at that of 45 deg. being at least a mile in extent, in a direct
line from the foot to the summit. At half past eight in the
forenoon, they had completed their ascent of the mountain, which
they found, as they had surmised, to consist of an extensive table
land, thickly covered with timber of the largest size, (the usual
species,) and of the best quality.
The cattle are now re-loaded, and they proceed in a Westerly
direction one mile, when they arrive at a small stream. Here they
halt to breakfast, and refresh the cattle, which had been without
water during the night; none, excepting an extremely small
quantity, insufficient for their own use, having been procurable.
After breakfast they again proceed, travelling along a spine, or
ridge, of about a quarter of a mile broad, and which forms the
central summits of this range. At six they halt for the night,
having travelled, a distance of eight miles and a half; in the
direction S. 45 W. to W. 10 N. The country traversed to-day, is
almost the precise counterpart of the table-land over which they
had just before travelled, in their route from lime-stone valley,
consisting of swamps and springs, as in that instance, though
neither so numerous nor so extensive. The basis of the soil which
is moderately good, consists of a coarse granite. They met to-day,
with pheasants, and several other species of birds, peculiar to
rocks and scrubs. At a spot where they halt, near a swampy creek,*
there is abundance of grass. The air is dry; in the day time cool;
during the night cold, and there is no sign of dew.
* These creeks commence in numerous springs, which are found on
each side, on the edges of the ridge along which they are
travelling, boiling out of an apparently deep peaty soil, covered
with a species of moss; and which having pursued their course a
short distance, become strong streams.
Saturday, November 6--Weather throughout the day, cool and cloudy,
in the evening showery. Thermometer, at sunrise, 44 deg. After
breakfast they again renew their route, as hitherto, along the
spine or ridge, which, without any observable depression or
elevation, forms the summit of these mountains, winding diagonally
(about S W. and by W. nearly in the direction of the course which
they were desirous of making good) across the range. All the land
passed to-day, in a distance of six miles, is extremely good, but
the grass coarse and wiry. The timber (of the usual species)
moderately thick, but of the best quality; the basis of the soil a
coarse granite. They had now (it was noon,) unexpectedly reached
the S W. extremity of the ridge or spine, and of this table range,
which here terminates in an abrupt and very steep descent. The
mountain range appears to branch off at this spot, on each side of
them, viz. to the S E. and N W. but the spine or ridge along which
they had been hitherto travelling, seemed here finally to
terminate.
The view from this spot consists of a valley (immediately in their
front S.), extending in the direction S W. and varying from one to
two miles in breadth. Along the centre of this valley, runs a
small stream, and immediately beyond the stream, is a broken
mountainous country, and in this again, a remarkably deep chasm or
opening, bearing due S. at the back of which, though apparently at
a considerable distance, the view is finally closed by mountains,
both of a different form (peaked), and of an infinitely greater
height than any which they had yet seen.
They now descended the table range pursuing the zig-zag course of
one of the little tributaries of the stream which they had observed
in the valley, taking its rise in these mountains, not far below
the spot at which they commence making their descent. At six
o'clock in the evening, they arrive in the valley. At seven,
having still pursued their course along the same branch, they come
to the main stream, which having been now enlarged by the junction
of a second branch, was here about four feet deep, and on the
average, eight feet broad, flowing at about the rate of two miles
an hour; the banks grassy, the brink covered with reeds. In
effecting the descent from these mountains, they had nearly lost
one of the party, as well as a bullock; the animal had fallen when
it had reached about two-thirds down the mountain, in consequence
of the slipping of a stone from under its feet, and in its fall, it
had forced down with it, the man who was leading it. But their
fall was intercepted by a large tree, and the man, as well as the
animal, was thus prevented from being dashed to pieces. The man,
however, unfortunately, was much hurt.
Never was the great superiority of bullocks to horses (in some
respects) for journeys of this description, more observable than in
the progress of this dangerous and difficult descent. The horses,
it had become indispensable to unload, and to conduct with great
care; but if one of the bullocks be led, the rest follow; the horse
is timid and hurried in its action, in places where there is
danger; the bullock is steady and cautious. If the latter slip in
its ascent, or if the acclivity be too steep for ascent, in its
usual mode of progression, the animal kneels down, and scrambles up
in this posture. If it be descending, and it become placed in a
similar predicament, it sits down, and turns its head round towards
the ascent, as if to balance the body. For the crossing of unsound
or boggy ground, the structure of its hoof is particularly adapted,
while the foot of the horse, on the contrary, is ill suited for
this purpose, and for which the fears, and consequent agitation of
the animal, render it unfit.*
* Bullocks ought, when used for these journeys, to be shod; the
feet, otherwise, are very liable to become disabled.
They observe several pheasants and kangaroos, of the species known
by the name of the "black whallaby," a circumstance adverse to
their hope of soon reaching a level country, those animals being
generally the inhabitants of mountains and scrubs. Near the foot
of the mountain, they notice the sassafras-tree, the fern-tree, and
the musk plant, none of which are usually found so far in the
interior. They halt for the night at sunset, having first crossed
to the left bank of the stream. Distance travelled this day,
eleven miles S. and S. 45 W.
Sunday, November 7.--The cattle being fatigued, and their backs
much galled by the pack-saddles, they are allowed to rest. The day
fine throughout; the grass excellent. They kill a large kangaroo.
Monday, November 8.--At half past seven o'clock they had
recommenced their progress, proceeding along the stream in a S.
westerly direction, the stream becoming gradually broader and
deeper as they advanced. At about five miles from their place of
departure, it is broken by three several perpendicular falls, each
from about ten to fifteen feet in height, and between twenty and
thirty feet distant from each other. Two miles beyond these falls,
their progress on the banks of this stream is arrested by the
mountainous range forming the southern barrier of the valley, and
which, on each side of it, rises precipitously out of the stream.
Messrs. Hovell and Hume having ascended, close to the stream, with
some difficulty, about half the height of this range, in order to
be the better enabled to decide as to their future operations, were
suddenly surprised by a sight, to the utmost degree magnificent.
Mountains, of a conoidal form, and of an apparently immense height,
and some of them covered about one fourth of their height, with
snow, were now seen extending semicircularly from the S E. to S S
W. at the supposed distance of about twenty miles. The sun was
bright (it was about ten or or eleven in the forenoon), and gave
them an appearance the most brilliant.
The mountains which they had hitherto seen, compared with these
stupendous elevations, were no more than hillocks; from which, also
their form, as well as their other general characters, rendered
them not the less dissimilar.
The men no sooner heard of this unexpected and interesting scene
than, catching the enthusiasm, they ran to the spot where the
travellers were standing, and were not less than themselves
surprised and delighted at this pre-eminently grand and beautiful
spectacle.*
* These are evidently part of those high "peaked" mountains, which
were seen to the southward of them, just previously to their
descent from the table range, on Saturday last, (the 6th instant,)
and are doubtless, part of the same mountains that were seen by
Major Ovens and Captain Currie, R. N. in their expedition to
Monaroo, in 1823.
The stream itself, where last seen, was running to the southward,
towards the newly discovered mountains. The space between these
mountains (which have been designated the South Australian Alps*)
and the spot where they stood, consists of a mountainous and hilly
region, which becoming gradually of less and less elevation,
terminates midway, in a thinly wooded undulating surface, extending
parallel with the mountains on either side of it.
* In contra-distinction to the Australian Alps, some mountains
discovered about this period, in the vicinity of Moreton Bay.
The river probably runs along this central depression, but is not
visible.*
* It most probably takes a South westerly course, and is one of the
tributaries of the "Hume," a river which it will be seen they met
with afterwards.
As they perceive, from the character of both the mountain range on
which they are standing, and of the country immediately beyond
them, that their progress (in the direction of these southern Alps)
would be either impracticable, or attended with considerable
danger, to both themselves and the cattle, they at once, instead of
making the attempt, decide upon proceeding fifty or sixty miles to
the westward; the object now in view, being to avoid, if possible,
a repetition of those almost insurmountable difficulties by which
they have hitherto been perpetually surrounded, and which appeared
to be incidental solely to these mountainous regions.
They accordingly commence their new route, by re-ascending the
stream, about a mile and three quarters (to the falls), and
crossing to its right bank. Here they rest about two hours.
At three in the afternoon, ascending some low hills which lie
across their route, they proceed west about a mile; then north,
along the summits of these hills, three miles, to a little stream,
a branch of that which they had left, here they remain the night.
The grass good--the water equally so.
About an hour's march before their arrival at this halting place,
they had passed between two small conical hills, unusually barren,
(in the general acceptation of that word,) but conspicuous for the
number, variety, and beauty, of the shrubs and plants--and those at
that time in full flower--with which they were covered.
They had travelled this day about fifteen miles, S. 16 W. to W. 10
N.
Tuesday, November 9th.--The distance travelled, about thirteen
miles. The direction of their route, S. 65 W. (the only instance
of one direct course since their departure from M'Dougall's
Plains,) through a fine level forest country of excellent
pasturage, and well supplied with water.
The mountain ranges, the one a branch of the table range, which
they had descended last Saturday, the other (a continuation of
those mountains by which their progress to the southward had been
just intercepted) had been in sight, almost continually, during the
whole of yesterday. That on the right hand, the branch of the
table range, in general perpendicular, in some places like a wall,
and of undiminished height (this was much the higher range of the
two,*) while that on their left hand, in the short distance of
twelve miles, had gradually subsided almost to a level with the
country over which they were travelling.
* There was a view of another portion of this range, in the return
route, at the distance of about thirty miles, when it was still of
undiminished elevation, and equally precipitous.
Here (at about four o'clock) the South Australian Alps were again
in sight, bearing S. by E. half E.
Two kangaroos were killed to-day. One of the dogs was severely
cut, and almost killed by the larger of these animals. They also
met with two snakes a brown and a black one, the former of which
was destroyed. Distance travelled, thirteen miles, S. 80 W.
A piece of stone, taken yesterday, from a spot near a run of water,
being tested with the muriatic acid, gave indications of lime. The
soil of this spot was extremely good; there were however but few
trees here, and those consisted chiefly of the manna, and the
honeysuckle, and were none of them, as timber, of any value.
Wednesday, November 10th.--The approach of the morning cold, the
evening pleasant, but the noon sultry. (The thermometer, then
ranging about 98.) This has been the state of the weather for some
days.
They commenced moving about six o'clock, but had not proceeded more
than half a mile, when they unexpectedly arrived at the brink of a
ravine, extending in the directions N. and S. of not less than 1000
feet in depth, and the sides of it precipitous; they were compelled
by this obstacle to alter their course, when having proceeded N. 60
W. a mile and a half, they again met with the ravine, but into
which, with the assistance of a kangaroo path, they now were
enabled to descend, the walls of it having here become broken into
detached hills of comparatively moderate steepness.
The ravine, at the spot where they effected their descent, is about
half a mile broad. In its course, however, it varies in breadth
extending into a valley, in some places of double that breadth,
while more to the Southward at the place where they had first met
with this ravine, its sides had gradually converged into the form
and dimensions of a mere chasm, not more perhaps than 100 yards in
breadth, and the walls of which, were not merely, precipitous, but
absolutely perpendicular. The soil of the valley, forming the
bottom of this ravine, is in general good, possessing for its base,
a mixture of limestone and granite; the grass excellent. The
little streams which were found here, uniformly run to the
Southward, as did all the waters which they had met with the last
few days. Hitherto, they had been observed just as invariably to
take a contrary course, to the Northward, and Westward. They had
travelled to-day, about eight miles; the spot at which they stop to-
night, is a complete scrub. The stones contain lime.
Thursday, November 11th.--*This morning, at six o'clock, again
following a kangaroo track, they commence ascending a very high
hill, a portion of the western wall of the ravine, under the
impression that it was part of some main range, along the summits
of which they might possibly be enabled again to pursue their route
to the Southward. After having encountered every species of
impediment or difficulty in their ascent, they arrive about nine
o'clock on the summit, which, to their chagrin, proves to be a mere
spine or ridge, so narrow and so craggy, as to be almost impassable
by cattle. They therefore, no sooner reach the brow of this hill,
than they find it necessary to descend on the opposite side: this
operation occupies an hour. From the craggy summit** of this hill,
another, but more distant view of the Alps was obtained; one of the
snow-capped mountains, (that seen yesterday,) bearing S E. with a
mountainous or broken country, extending from the last mentioned
bearing, to W. and by N.
* The thermometer, at sunrise, 46; at noon, (in the shade,) 68; at
sunset, 78.
** The summit consists of mere heaps of massive fragments of rock,
but of what description was not ascertained. All this labour might
have been spared, as they afterwards found, by passing round the
northern side of the base of this hill.
Having descended this hill, they halt in the bed of a small ravine,
formed between this, and a similar, but smaller eminence in their
advance. Here they remained until three o'clock, but were utterly
unable to obtain any rest, in consequence of the incessant and
distressing attacks of the small flies before noticed; the horses
retreated almost into the fires for the sake of the smoke--the dogs
lay down in the water holes and the bullocks in the long grass, in
order to escape from these insects. During the entire period that
they have been among the mountains, the cattle have been, from this
circumstance, totally unable to feed during the day, and but little
at night, from the incessant and almost equally tormenting attacks
of the mosquitoes. At three they ascend the small but steep hill
in their front, and having proceeded about two miles (W.) across
its summit (their route nearly level, through a brushy forest,)
arrive at its Western side; here the land falls at once, forming a
beautiful country, consisting of successive small slopes and
elevations, extending from the N N W. to N. to the utmost verge of
the horizon. This tract was thinly wooded, and the grass every
where apparently abundant and excellent.
The waters which they now occasionally pass, take their course to
the N W. Having descended this hill, they travel westerly about
four miles, through a good forest country, on which the timber
consists of blue-gum, and stringy-bark.
The distance travelled to-day, measured by the perambulator, was*
nine miles and a half S. 45 W. and N. 75 W.
* Here finishes the travelling on these ranges, whether of
mountains or hills, which ran N. and S. The ranges met with after
this period, consist of branches of the latter, bending in a
Westerly direction, comparatively easy to traverse, and becoming
gradually of less and less elevation, as they extend into the
interior.
Friday, November 12th.--They travel to-day, thirteen miles to the
southward and westward; for the first moiety of their journey,
through a country utterly dissimilar from any which they have seen
since their leaving M'Dougall's Plains, flat and boggy (although,
from the state of the water holes, which are numerous, there has
evidently been no rain a considerable time). Here, on their left,
the country consisted of the terminations of the collateral
branches of those mountainous or hilly regions over which they had
hitherto been travelling. On their right, on the contrary, the
land was only a little higher than that which formed their actual
line of march; the whole thinly wooded; the timber fine, but the
land not good. The second portion of their journey to-day, the
commencement of which was marked, by their passing between two low
grassy hills, lay through a country of an infinitely superior
description; dry, fertile, and thinly timbered, consisting of a
successive series of small slopes and elevations, of excellent
pasturage.
The waters past to-day, were generally standing in little pools
(lying in the direction N W.), warmed by the sun; in the former
part of their journey, plentiful and good; in the latter, scarce
and ill tasted.
The timber was principally stringy-bark, a species of gum, and the
cow-pasture box. They met with the bullrush in one of the little
pools. Neither an emu nor a kangaroo have they seen since last
Tuesday; they are, consequently, obliged to feed their dogs,* which
are almost famished, on boiled flour.
* These faithful animals had been of the utmost importance to them
(in procuring supplies of animal food) and continued to be so,
until, in the course of the journey, some unfortunately were lost,
and others disabled. Not a kangaroo or an emu is to be seen this
hot weather, except in the morning and evening; during the beat of
the day, they retire to the scrubs in the mountains.
Saturday, November 13.--The day throughout, oppressively sultry.
They travel first W. and then S W.--in all, seventeen miles; the
first thirteen miles, through a fine open forest country (here and
there intersected with little creeks, or interspersed with ponds),
of even a somewhat superior character to that over which they had
travelled yesterday afternoon. At the end of this stage of their
journey, they pass again between two low hills, grassy, and covered
with trees, lying in a line with, and almost contiguous to, the
southern extremity of a hilly range, extending about four miles in
length, in the directions N. and S. Here they come into sight of a
mount, bearing S. by W. half W. distant about four miles, which,
from its very peculiar appearance, they name "Battery-mount." This
is the southern extremity of a much higher range than the former,
but running parallel with that range, at the distance from it of
about two miles and a half. The mount is of a dark red colour, and
from which circumstance, as well as its form, is an object not only
very remarkable in itself, but utterly dissimilar from any other
which they had met with in their journey.
Another mount is also now in sight, which was passed yesterday, and
named, from this circumstance, "Friday Mount," bearing E. by N.
distant from them about fifteen miles.
The whole of their immediate track, as well as all the surrounding
country seen to-day, like that of yesterday, is a fine open forest
country, consisting alternately of hill and dale, and similar in
every respect to the Cowpastures.*
* From the closeness of this resemblance, they were induced to name
it "Camden Forest."
There does not appear to have been any rain here a considerable
time, and they are obliged, in consequence, to travel two miles
farther than it had been their intention, and this after sunset,
for water.
Sunday, November 14.--The cattle are so much fatigued by the
journey of yesterday, that they are permitted to rest. The men
employ themselves in hunting, and bring home a large kangaroo, the
first that has been seen for four or five days. In the course of
the forenoon there was some thunder, with other indications of an
approaching much-wished-for shower, but no rain. Messrs. Hovell
and Hume, meantime, occupy themselves in an excursion to Battery-
mount, which is at a distance of not more than two miles (W.) from
their tent. This they climb to its summit, and obtain hence an
extensive and fine view of the surrounding country.
To the eastward are seen those mountainous regions which they had
just left (the most western borders of which, appear to be at the
distance of about fifteen miles). From the S W. to the N N E. the
view is bounded by a continued range of mountains, apparently
consisting of two converging branches of the former, extending in
the form of a crescent;* the greatest distance of which, to the
southward, is about thirty miles, but to the northward very
considerably less. Nearly west, the ranges become somewhat of
reduced height; and due west, there is a break or opening, probably
the outlet of a river.
* Forming the section of a very considerable circle, of which the
N. and S. range may be supposed to be the chord. The country
within the scope of this fine view, and which is thus enclosed by
mountains, is perhaps about forty miles square, and there is reason
to suppose, from the general appearance, consists, entirely, of
land of the finest description.
All the intermediate country to the northward, southward, and
eastward, has one general character--consisting of slight
undulations, but interspersed here and there, more or less
numerously, with conical hills, of various, but never of
considerable elevation. Due west, however, there is not a hill or
an elevation to be seen; but, here the land gradually dips.
In the direction S E. the mountains, evidently a continuation of
the South Australian Alps, preserve the usual character of those
mountains; are peaked, and apparently, though now seen at a great
distance, of their former pre-eminent and immense elevation.
Smoke, from the fires of the natives, was seen in different
directions, between S W. and W. presenting the gratifying
indication that the country was passable, and that they would not
be unsupplied with fodder for the cattle.
But, to return to Battery-mount, the spot on which they are now
standing. This is the southern extremity of a short range (not
more than five or six miles in length), lying due N. and S. of
moderate elevation; the upper part on its eastern aspect
perpendicular, about one-third of its height; the lower portion,
forming a steep slope, composed apparently of the material of the
range itself, which has fallen down from time to time in the
gradual progress of its decay.
The summits of the range form nearly one continuous level line,
broken here and there only by an occasional chasm of various
breadths; in one of which, near the southern extremity of the
range, a centre portion is yet standing, forming a wall of about
fifty or sixty feet in thickness, and of about seventy feet in
height, and extending in length about half a mile, the breadth of
the range.
This fragment, and the faces of the chasm in which it stands,
present a favourable opportunity for observing the internal
structure of the range; which was found to consist throughout, of
stones of different sizes; the stones hard, heavy, of a darkish
colour, in general not exceeding the size of the clenched fist;
some of them, however, of four or five times that dimension; the
larger stones in particular, of an elliptical form, but somewhat
flattened on two of their sides, opposite to each other. These
stones are held together by a hard earth, of a dull reddish colour,
constituting a species of cement,* by which they are so firmly
united, that it was with considerable difficulty any portion of the
mass could be broken. This mass again appeared to be divided into
regular strata, dipping about 15 deg. to the westward.
* This interstitial matter it perhaps in proportion to the stones
or pebbles, which it unites, as two to one.
Some other circumstances connected with this range, and more
particularly with the chasm, deserve mention; 1st, that the floor,
or bottom of the chasm, is flat, and has the same general character
as that of the summits of the range; and, 2dly, that it preserves
the same dip as the upper strata, and which is also parallel with
the line of the summits.
Monday, November 15.--The distance travelled to-day, is fifteen
miles S. 25 W. Six miles from Battery-mount, they meet with a fine
creek of excellent water, and a second smaller creek, or chain of
ponds (as it appears at present) at the close of their day's
journey; the former running S E. the latter S. The former, which
they named "Battery-mount Creek," takes its rise from Battery-
mount. They also pass some other pools, or chains of ponds. The
whole of the country passed today, is but a realization of the view
from Battery-mount. The soil excellent, a rich red loam, thinly
wooded, and although parched, the grass luxuriant, plentiful, and
of the best quality, and with water sufficient either for sheep or
horned cattle.
The country extending from Battery-mount to the left bank of the
creek, they named "Battery-mount Forest."*
* The country between the right bank of the creek and the river
Hume, (a river discovered the next day,) is designated "Forbes's
Forest," after the Honourable Francis Forbes, the Chief Justice of
the Territory; and a very remarkable hill also, considerably the
highest seen to-day, situate near the line of their route, about
seven miles from the creek, they named "Judge's Mount."
Judge's Mount, it would seem, from the specimen produced, consists
of a very fine sand stone, equal, if not superior, for building, to
what is generally found in the vicinity of Sydney.
The natives, it would seem from their tracks, are here numerous.
Kangaroos are becoming plentiful; they succeed in killing one, as
also a yellow snake.
Thermometer at sunrise, 50 deg.; at noon 80 deg.
Tuesday, November 16.--Soon after sunrise they re-commence their
journey, and having proceeded three miles and a half S. (the land
gradually sloping as they advanced), arrive suddenly on the banks
of a fine river.* This was named "The Hume."
* Mr. Hume having first discovered it, but since named by Captain
Sturt, the Murray, after Sir George Murray; see appendix, No. Both
Mr. Hume and Mr. Hovell, had anticipated the early appearance of a
river in this direction; from the opinion that the large bodies of
water which they had of late continually encountered, though all
pursuing a southerly, or even an easterly course, would, from the
apparently impenetrable barrier which is presented by the South
Australian Alps to the eastward, ere long revert to the westward,
and thus become distributed to the interior.
This beautiful stream is found to be not less than eighty yards in
breadth, apparently of considerable depth; the current about three
miles an hour; the water, for so considerable a current, clear.
The river itself is serpentine, the banks clothed with verdure to
the water's edge; their general height various, but seldom either
more or less than eight or nine feet, inclined, or precipitous, as
they happen, by the bendings of the stream, to be more or less
exposed to the action of the current. On each side of the river is
a perpetual succession of lagoons, extending generally in length
from one to two miles, and about a quarter of a mile in breadth.
These, which are situate alternately on each side of the river,
within those elbows or projections which are formed by its
windings, often for miles together, preclude any approach to its
banks.
Each of these lagoons was furnished with an inlet from the river,
and an outlet into it; the former invariably at its higher or
eastern, and the latter at its lower or western extremity.
The form of the lagoons is most frequently a crescent; the line of
their course being at first divergent from, but ultimately
convergent to, the stream. The spaces between the lagoons and the
river--sometimes of more than a mile in breadth--are, however,
irregular, as well in form as in size. These interspaces partly
consist of swamps and unsound ground, which even when dry, although
seemingly passable by man, are impassable, or at least unsafe, for
cattle. In general these spots are thickly wooded (the trees
consisting principally of the blue gum, mostly of a large growth),
are overgrown with vines of various descriptions, and the fern, the
peppermint, flax-plant, and currajong. The fern, the currajong,
and the flax, flourish here in abundance; and the peppermint plant,
(which they had not seen in any other part of the Colony) seems to
surpass, both in odour and taste, the species that is generally
produced in our gardens. From the flax plant the natives, as they
afterwards discovered, make their fishing lines, and the nets which
they use for carrying their travelling gear and provisions.*
* The river abounds with that species of cod fish which is common
in all the western rivers. In the lagoons they caught a kind of
bream or carp, of the weight of about two pounds, and of the finest
possible flavour. The lagoons are literally crowded with wild
ducks, and in the muddy bottom near the banks, is plenty of large
muscles; these are inferior to those found in salt water; the
natives dive for them in the same manner as they procure the mud-
oyster near Sydney, and these, with the fish caught in the river,
seem to form the principal part of their food.
Their method of fishing is as follows: they select the outlet from
a lagoon, which generally consists of a little stream of about two
feet deep, and of about five or six feet broad. Across this, at no
great distance from its junction with the river, they form a
palisade with small stakes, which are driven firmly into the mud,
and then carefully interwoven with wattles. Beyond this palisade,
at the distance of five or six feet higher up the stream, they form
a similar palisade, but leave an opening midway in its length, of
about two feet wide. A dam being thus prepared, the natives go
into the lagoon, where it is sufficiently shallow for their
purpose, and beating the water with their wattles, and disturbing
it in every possible way, drive the fish before them into the dam,
which on being sufficiently full, is immediately closed, the fish
in consequence falling an easy prize. The natives near Western
Port, use also the bark of a species of willow, which is thrown
into the water, and produces on the fish the same effects as the
coculus indicus. Near the river, they found the skin of a very
large black snake, the original proprietor of which, could not have
been less than eight feet long, the skin in its present shrivelled
state being fall six feet. The bell bird is common here, and they
afterwards met with the pelican.
Unable to devise any means of crossing the river, and in the hope
of discovering some practicable ford, they now commence their
progress (to the westward) down the stream; proceed three miles and
a half, and then halt. At half past two they resume their route,
but are soon compelled, from the continual succession of lagoon and
swamp, to retire to some higher land, about two miles from the
river. Here they travel (nearly in the same direction) about three
miles, when they again, at four o'clock, encounter the river, at
the foot of a conical hill; where they remain for the night. This
hill is similar in form to those which have already been noticed.
The internal composition, however, appears to be different,
consisting (as it should seem from the specimens of it produced,
and which were all derived from nearly the summit of the hill) of
proportions; 1st, of rag-stone; 2dly, of quartz-mica; 3dly, of an
extraordinary specimen of granite, consisting chiefly of quartz;
these were found in different parts of the hill: the rag-stone, and
the quartz-mica, a few feet from each other, and the granite in a
spot somewhat lower down.
From the summit of this hill, there is a fine view of the river,
which appearing and disappearing, in its perpetual windings, is
visible to the westward about seven or eight miles; and excepting
this addition, the view here is the same, or at least consists of
nearly the same objects, changed more or less in appearance, by
change in point of sight, as that from Battery-mount. At a short
distance beyond the furthest spot where the river is visible, there
is another conical hill, but one of the sides of which (apparently
as if a portion of it had been cut away) is perpendicular and flat,
like a wall. Beyond this remarkable object, not a hill is to be
seen, and the country between the points S W. and N W. up to the
barrier collateral ranges, is one continuous flat, studded with
trees, gradually but constantly sloping in the direction of the
opening between those ranges. This opening, which bore due west
from Battery-mount, now bears W N W.
A large clear space in this immense forest (bearing W N W. distant
about fifteen miles), they name "Fennel's Plains," after the late
Lieut. Fennel. Smoke, supposed to be that of the natives' fires is
seen, but at a less distance, in the same direction. Eastwardly
are the bluff extremities of several collateral ranges, which
proceeding from the main, or N. and S. range, in a winding course,
advance various distances, into the low or flat country.
The extremities of none of these ranges appear to be nearer than
seven miles, and some of them considerably more distant.
The main range is not here visible, being, most probably, concealed
by the tortuous collateral branches.
Wednesday, November 17.--Messrs. Hovell and Hume take with them two
of the men, and proceed seven miles further down the stream, still
in search of some practicable crossing place, but without success,
the stream becoming, as they advance, of somewhat increased
magnitude; its banks more beautifully regular, and perhaps somewhat
higher than what they had been before observed. The lagoons are
nearly the same, and in consequence of which circumstance, it was
possible only twice to approach the river. The soil, the trees,*
the herbage, similar, but perhaps superior. There were no marks of
floods; should the banks, however, become at any time inundated,
the land, at a little distance, is sufficiently high to afford
perfect security from such an occurrence.
* Viz. on the banks of the river, the blue-gum, and at a distance
from the banks, where the soil is not so good, the box, the white-
gum, and the stringy-bark, but there was no swamp-oak, the tree so
universal, on the rivers to the northward and eastward.
At four o'clock the party had returned to the tent, having
determined on proceeding on the morrow in the contrary direction,
(up the river), in quest of the same object.
They have not taken a kangaroo since Monday last, nor have they
seen an emu since their departure from "Swampy Valley." The total
distance travelled to-day, is fourteen miles; viz. seven miles
westerly (down the river), and the same distance on their return.
Thursday, November 18.--They travel about seven miles (eastwardly)
up the river, when they fall in with their own track, at the place
where they had first discovered the river on Tuesday last (the
10th). They now proceed S E. three miles; here the river takes a
sweep to the E N E. There was at this time some distant thunder,
and at four o'clock a violent storm of wind and rain, not far from
them, accompanied with some heavy thunder-claps; this, though it
passed off, induced them to stop, and they halted for the night, in
consequence, at the extremity of a very beautiful flat. To-day
they had travelled, by the perambulator, twelve miles; but, in a
direct line, they are not more than three miles to the eastward of
the spot at which they had first discovered the river.
Friday, November 19th.--They resume their route, (which they
commenced the day before yesterday,) up the river (to the
eastward).
The general appearance of the country, together with that of the
soil, is rich and beautiful. The grass having apparently been
burnt early in the season, and being now in full seed, is fresh and
luxuriant, frequently as high as their heads, and seldom lower than
their waists. On both sides of the river, the "bell-birds" are
"ringing merrily", a treat hitherto unusual, this being only the
second time, that they have met with this delightful bird since
their departure from the Cowpastures.
Fish and ducks are still abundant; they also meet with two black
swans in the course of the day, the first they had seen on their
journey.
About six miles from the place of their starting this morning, they
observed a small islet of rock, lying nearly in the middle of the
river; this consisted of a coarse granite, and lay in perpendicular
ridges, N E. and S W. Four miles Eastwardly from this spot, at the
foot of a high forest range, the stream suddenly narrows, and is in
some places reduced to the breadth of little more than forty yards;
this was attributed to their probable advance beyond the junction
of some important branch, and which they might have passed without
notice at the considerable distance from the river, at which they
were frequently compelled to travel. Here, having determined on
making the attempt to cross the river at this spot, they halt for
the night.
The distance travelled to-day, measured by the perambulator, is ten
miles, but which in a direct line, would not exceed seven.
Saturday, November 20th.--Weather fine, and extremely pleasant;
this morning they cross the river: this they effect by means of a
temporary boat,* hastily constructed (of wicker, covered with the
tarpauling) for the occasion, and by four in the afternoon, every
thing, including the cattle, had been landed on the opposite bank.
At five, they left the banks of the stream, travelled two miles and
a half before dark, and then halted on a patch of fine forest land.
* Mr. Hovell had endeavoured to escape, in a similarly constructed
vessel, some years before, from a situation of much danger, on the
occasion of being wrecked on the western island, of Kent's groupe,
in Bass's Straits.
The stream here, is furnished with a series of creeks, lagoons, and
swamps, similar to those so lately observed and described. The
back land is excellent, superior perhaps to that on the northern or
right bank; the grass proportionately good.
Sunday, November 21st.--They start at the usually early hour, when
having travelled one mile and a half, (four from the last stream,)
among the usual series of lagoon, swamp and creek, they arrive on
the banks of a sixth river. The breadth of this at the water's
edge, was one hundred and ten feet, and the current as strong, as
that of the former stream, but not so deep, the cattle therefore
crossed with little difficulty, though it was necessary to
construct a boat for the supplies. By noon, they had passed the
river, when after extricating themselves from the usual series of
lagoon, swamp, and creek, they resume their route, passing S.
westerly, over the extremities of a range of hills, a collateral
branch of the great N. and S. Alpine chain, from the Southern
aspect of which, they perceive a fresh series of lagoon, swamp and
creek, and at the short distance of only four or five miles from
the last, arrive on the banks of another small river, similar in
size and other respects to the former.* The banks of the last two
streams, are not more than six feet in height, and there is every
reason to believe, that during floods, these streams uniting with
their lagoons, form immense sheets of water. The bottom of the
former stream, consists of an excavation from the solid granite,
the bed of the latter, was formed of rounded pebbles.
* All these streams are of about the same size, and their currents
nearly the same. This and the latter two, we doubt join the Hume.
The natives, from the appearance of their fires, seem to be
numerous, though none were seen. Two handsome large birds, termed
by the Colonists, "Natives' Companions" were shot to-day, and some
ducks. In the river, they caught some of the Lachlan codfish, and
in the ponds, a kind of fish, similar to carp.
Monday, November 22.--Noon warm, morning and evening cool and
pleasant. This morning they crossed the river, availing themselves
of an immense tree that lay extended from bank to bank, and which
with a rope stretched along it as a hand rope, formed a tolerably
good bridge. The cattle are now so accustomed to the water that
they pass without either reluctance or difficulty, roped together
lengthwise, so that as the hindmost is entering the water, the
headmost is coming out of it, at the opposite side. By half past
eight they had completed the passage of the river, and had soon
afterwards again started, when they advance about five miles south
west between two ranges of hills. They now rest. In the afternoon
they proceed ten miles and a half in the same direction, and then
halt for the night. The country, traversed in the former part of
this day's journey, was of the same description as that which they
had passed yesterday; the grasses equally fine, and the wild flax,
both in height and luxuriance, far superior. The latter portion of
the journey lay over a hilly forest land, generally not good, many
of the trees bore the marks of iron tomahawks. Killed a kangaroo.
Tuesday, November 23.--The bullocks and horses having strayed, they
started this morning somewhat later than usual; when, in the short
distance of only three miles, having had to traverse the ends of
several ranges of hills, they arrive at a fine forest. The grass
good, the land excellent, and thinly wooded, with timber trees of
the most valuable description, chiefly the stringy-bark and the box
gum. Along this fine country they advance about three miles and a
half, then stop near a spring. At three in the afternoon they
resume their journey, and having travelled five miles and a half,
(in all twelve miles), rest for the night near the extremity of a
high range. The soil of the ranges bad; that of the level country,
intermediate between them, invariably excellent.
The soil to the westward resembles much that about Battery-mount;
the land low, with scarcely a hill. South westerly are seen the
terminations of several collateral ranges, and to the eastward are
observed numerous mountains, part of the Alps.
As they approach the mountains, as usual on those occasions, the
flies and musquitoes are again becoming troublesome; to escape from
which they are glad to submit to a state of half suffocation from
smoke. The horses too are literally crippled from want of shoes.*
The thermometer, at sunset, 62 deg.; at noon, 72 deg. Killed two
snakes, both of a dark brown colour.
* On such journeys as these, there ought to be one or two mechanics--
a blacksmith, with spare shoes and nails, and a harness maker.
Wednesday, November 24.--At sunrise it was threatening rain; but
about nine o'clock the weather cleared up and became warm, although
it was then blowing strongly from the S. West. They started about
six, travelled the first five miles south west, (through a forest
country lying nearly parallel with the mountains) when they came to
a creek. They now ascend in their way a high hill, on the northern
aspect of which, as well as on that of another hill at a little
distance, there was not a tree, although in every other direction,
up to their very summits, both these hills were thickly wooded.
This hill proved to be part of a dividing range, whence they obtain
a fine view--of mountains to the eastward, supposed to be a
continuation of the "South Australian Alps;" of the country through
which they have just travelled to the northward; of a country to
the westward, similar to that described on the 17th instant, and of
an opening to the southward, through which they propose passing.
The stream or creek last noticed passes out, most probably, through
this opening. The entire space to the eastward, up to the very
mountains, consists of an open forest country, indented along its
centre by the course of the creek. The grass every where is quite
withered, the land parched, and the creek nearly dry. At ten they
halt on its banks;--they had travelled this morning seven miles and
a quarter. At four they resume their march through a pleasant
level country. The pasturage fine, some of it excellent, and in a
moderately good state. Four miles and a quarter from the spot from
which they had last started, they arrive at the north or right bank
of another (the 8th) river. This stream, at its usual height, must
be somewhat wider than either of the last mentioned; and the banks
too are evidently at times flooded. The water is now low;--there
are attached to it the usual series of lagoon, swamp, and creek.
The banks and all the neighbouring country (which is extremely
beautiful) consist of the finest possible soil; scantily wooded,
but with timber trees of the most valuable description. The river
comes from the eastern chain of mountains, and very probably joins
the Hume, though perhaps at a considerable distance to the
westward. They name this river the "Ovens," after the deceased
Major Ovens, the late Governor, Sir Thomas Brisbane's Private
Secretary.
Thursday, November 25.--Little difficulty was experienced in
crossing the "Ovens," the water being so low, that it was found
fordable in several places. The ford at which they passed was only
three feet deep, and the bottom pebbly, so that although there was
a considerable current, they were enabled to cross with the cattle
laden. The banks of this river, are somewhat higher than those of
the last two, and they appear less liable to floods.
The wild flax, (which is very similar to that of commerce,) grows
here in profusion, generally about six feet high, also the native
honeysuckle, and the grass-tree, both of which, (a circumstance by
no means usual,) seem here to denote a good soil. At the hills
near the "Murrumbidgee" as well as in the "Limestone-valley" the
same circumstance was observable. Four miles and a half from the
"Ovens" they reach the summits of a range, whence they obtain a
view of that river, coming from East by North, and evidently
deriving its waters, from part of the "Alpine Chain." One of these
snowcapped mountains, is now in sight, bearing South East, distant
about twenty miles, there is also a singularly formed mountain, in
the same direction, but much nearer, which from its shape, they
name "Mount Buffalo;" a fine level country is observable to the
Westward, commencing at the distance of about five miles, and in
some directions particularly to the N W. extending in unbroken
tenor, to the utmost boundary of the horizon; to the southward of
west, at a considerable distance, there is a range which extends in
the directions, South East, and North West, at the distance of
about eight or ten miles, some plains also are observed, situate
most probably on the banks of the "Ovens" these they designate
"Oxley's Plains" after the late Mr. Oxley, Surveyor General of the
Territory. All the country in their line of route to-day, had been
burned, and a little to the Westward of this line, the grass was
still blazing to a considerable height. At noon having travelled
seven miles, they rest near some water holes, on a small plot of
good grass, which had most fortunately escaped the ravages of the
flames. At four they renew their route, and soon afterwards arrive
on the banks of a fine creek running to the northward, having in
their way been obliged to cross the western terminations of several
ranges of hills.* Some of these hills are covered with a kind of
scrub, and some consist of large masses of rock piled fantastically,
as if by art, on each other. The crossing of these ranges was
dreadfully distressing to the cattle. A little before sunset they
pitched their tent near some water holes. The grass good. The
natives evidently numerous.
* In order to avoid too much westing, lest the object of their
journey, their reaching Western Port (Port Phillip) should thus
become frustrated.
Friday, November 26.--They start this morning at half past five,
and proceed S W. by S. with a range of forest hills on their right
hand, (to the westward) in the direction of a hill, of which they
had taken the bearings yesterday. The land immediately under this
range is good, the grass excellent, the trees consist of a fine
description of the gum and a species of manna tree. Having
advanced about a mile and a half, they arrive on the banks of a
fine creek; and about half a mile further reach another creek.
These they crossed without difficulty, the latter at a convenient
ford; the banks of this stream are not more than five or six feet
in height, the breadth of the stream between twenty and thirty
feet, and the current scarcely perceptible, excepting in those
places where there are falls--it is now very low. This small
stream, which they designated "Oxley's Creek," comes from the
southward, and most probably, though at a considerable distance,
joins the Ovens. Four miles and a quarter from Oxley's Creek, they
arrive on the summits of another range of hills, whence they obtain
a fine view to the northward and westward of a beautiful level open
country, consisting of good and apparently even now of fresh
pasturage, interspersed here and there with small plains or
meadows. Hence, for a distance of seven miles, they continue
crossing the western extremities of several stoney ranges,
collateral branches of the mountains to the eastward, then come to
another creek, proceeding most probably to pour its waters into the
one which they had last encountered--here they remain till four
o'clock. Two miles and a half distant from this spot (or ten from
that of their departure this morning) they arrive at the top of a
high hill; which, from the fine prospect that it affords, they name
"Mount Belle-vue." The principal objects observed from this spot
were--1st, A very extensive plain, bearing N. 10 deg. W. at the
supposed distance of about twenty miles, and which they named after
Mr. Alexander Berry, of Sydney, one of the most zealous advisers of
the journey, "Berry's Plains." 2ndly, The two small plains, seen
yesterday, bearing N. 15 deg. east. 3rdly, A fine level country,
extending from N E. to 10 deg. W. and bounded between those points
only by the horizon. 4thly, An unvaried succession of the most
broken and mountainous regions imaginable, extending from the
points south east to north east. In the direction south east, on
the top of one of these mountains, there is a large sterile rock,
much like that of the "Pigeon House," a well-known coast mountain
to the southward. The country from south to south west, also is
mountainous; but to the northward and westward (excepting a few
ranges, which they expect to cross to-morrow) the country appears
level. Mount Belle-vue from the foot, half way up to its summit,
consists of sterile rocks, of which the strata, observing a
vertical position, extend north and south.
Towards the summit, where the rock appears to contain a portion of
lime, the soil and herbage are both excellent; the trees here also
are large, and in addition to those before mentioned they meet with
the honey suckle and the wattle. Thence they descend to the banks
of another creek, where they remain the night, having travelled to-
day thirteen miles and a half. Thermometer, at sunrise, 46; at
noon, 88.
Saturday, November 27.--They start at six, weather at first
threatening rain, but soon clearing up, and becoming oppressively
sultry; proceed S W. about six miles, crossing in that short
distance no less than five successive ranges near their western
terminations, when the whole party, both men and cattle, being
literally exhausted by fatigue and heat, they halt (at ten) near a
run of water; but, on a spot where there was scarcely a blade of
grass to be found. At four they resume their route and cross an
extensive range, in effecting which the cattle are completely
lamed. They halt, in consequence, at its foot; and where,
happening to find a small supply of fodder for the cattle, they
remain the night.
While crossing one of these creeks, the bank fell in, by which
accident one of the horses was thrown into the water, though,
excepting its lading, which consisted of provisions, without
sustaining any injury.
This place appears, from the tracks that are observed, to be the
resort of the kangaroo, but none are seen; and, even in the event
of meeting any, the dogs are in so miserably famished a state, that
they would be utterly unable to run them down. The creeks lately
met with, all flow to the north west.
Sunday, November 28.--The scanty supply of grass on the spot, where
they remained the night, being all consumed, they start early this
morning to forage for the cattle; proceed south west, and soon
arrive on the summits of a range. Here they obtain an extensive
view to the N W. consisting of a level country interspersed, as
usual, with plains; of a small plain or meadow to the S W. and
beyond this of mountainous ranges extending completely across their
proposed line of route. Having descended this range, they cross a
swamp which had been mistaken for a meadow, proceed four miles and
then halt on a small patch of good grass. This, like all the other
spaces of any extent, lying intermediately between the ranges,
consists of a kind of meadow, divided along its centre by a small
but rapid stream, is somewhat swampy, and in places near the water
produces reeds. The ranges, as they recede to the N. West, subside
gradually, until eventually they terminate in a level country.
These meadows they named "Norton's Meadows;" and a conical mount,
situate at the extremity of the range to the northward, "Norton's
Mount," after Mr. James Norton, of Sydney.
The hill which they had descended in the morning was designated
"Sunday Mount."
In the evening the men attempt to hunt, and meet with several
kangaroos; but the dogs are utterly unable to run them down. The
natives hereabouts are evidently numerous, as they conclude, from
their fires, the smoke of which is observed in every direction.
Yesterday their voices were distinctly heard, but none of them
could be seen. Latitude, by double altitude, 38 deg. 38.
Monday, November 29.--Last night the thermometer stood at 46 deg.;
to day, at noon, it had risen to 86 deg. in the shade. They start
early, their course as nearly south west as the character of the
country would permit. The land and timber which they observed to-
day, were in general of an excellent quality, some of the soil of a
pure scarlet colour and the stones nearly the same. The trees
consist chiefly of the honeysuckle, the manna-tree, and the
Cowpasture-box. Having travelled five miles and a half, they cross
a creek running to the northward and westward, on the bank of which
they rest; at four they cross another range, the whole of this
range appears to have suffered by some violent explosive operation
of nature. The rocks a coarse granite, lying or standing in the
utmost confusion, in every possible direction; this range they
descend in the direction S W. then cross another range and soon
afterwards arrive at a second creek flowing also to the N W. on the
bank of which they remain the night--grass abundant.
Tuesday, November 30.--They journey this morning between two ranges
of hills in a south west direction, five miles and a half, then
halt, start again at two (afternoon) and having proceeded two miles
and a half arrive by four o'clock on the summit of a range of hills
extending in the directions S E. and N W. Having descended this
range, they travel southerly ten miles and a half, and then stop
for the night; their progress to-day being about eighteen miles and
a half.
From the foot up to the summits of these ranges the soil, the basis
of which is granite, is good. The trees which they met with to-day
consisted of the white gum, the stringy-bark, and the black butted
gum, remarkably straight and unusually lofty. As usual, when among
mountains, the small fly, so frequently noticed, has again become a
great torment, and where the soil is light and loose, their route
is perpetually interrupted with the burrows of the wombat.
Wednesday, December 1st.--At daylight the thermometer was standing
at 41, just previously the weather had been felt uncomfortably
cold; a circumstance which they had attributed partly to their
present exposed and unusually elevated situation, partly to the
prevalence of a south west wind. The weather which had of late
been threatening rain, has now become fine. Before they descend
the heights, they take advantage of an eminence, to obtain a view
of the surrounding country. Towards the east, was observed a flat
forest country, apparently divided by a river; three several plains
were also seen in this direction, the nearest of which seemed to be
distant about four miles, the most distant about twelve, these
plains appeared to be encircled with mountains in which there was a
gap or chasm, the outlet most probably of some river. From S E. to
south, the country is extremely rugged and broken, and it is only
in the direction N W. that it appears favorable for their future
progress. One mile from the spot where they commenced their
descent, from the heights, they were compelled to unload the cattle
in order to cross a creek, they then ascend and descend another
range, when having travelled four miles and a half, in the
direction S W. they arrive at another creek. Two of the dogs had
left them in the course of the morning in chase of a kangaroo, and
they were induced in consequence to halt at this spot, while some
of the men were sent in quest of them, but who returned about
sunset unsuccessful; their swiftest dog had also been absent but
had returned wounded, and they had therefore but one dog remaining
and this in a state of weakness and exhaustion from which it was
not likely to recover.
Thursday, December 2.--This morning they are agreeably surprised by
the appearance of one of the dogs that had been missing, but had
returned sometime in the night slightly hurt, as they supposed by a
kangaroo. At half past five (morning) they leave their resting
place, and having proceeded two miles come to a meadow, divided
along its centre by a creek. Hence they proceed five miles and a
half S W. through a good forest country, when they are compelled to
stop, the natives having fired the grass in their advance, and it
being therefore doubtful whether they would be enabled to procure
fodder for the cattle, if they left this spot, where there was
abundance of grass and good water.
Soon after they had halted, the second dog that had been missing
rejoined them, bearing on him evident marks of his having killed
some animal, and by the side of which both of them, no doubt, had
been lying until they had satisfactorily regaled themselves. About
two o'clock they resume their route; the weather being pleasant for
travelling, and the smoke and fire no longer impeding their
advance.
From the summit of a hill, about a mile from the spot whence they
had started, they again observe the gap in the mountains, which on
Tuesday bore S E. by S. and now seems to offer to them a favourable
passage; it had still, as when first observed, every appearance of
being the outlet of some river. Hither therefore they directed
their course, and having ascended some ranges, found the country
improved as they advanced. It was however mostly burnt, and
therefore not seen to much advantage; near sunset they reach a spot
of about two acres in extent, on which the grass had fortunately
escaped the ravages of the flames, and here they remained the
night, not far from a creek. In all these creeks, where the stream
was not strong, they found leeches of a large size, and apparently
fit for medical purposes. They had travelled to-day, on the whole,
thirteen miles.
Friday, December 3.--Proceeding S W. in the course of the creek
twelve or thirteen miles, they arrive, as they had expected, on the
banks of another river. The country along its sides is extremely
beautiful, clothed with a luxuriant herbage, and both hill and
lowland thinly wooded.
The river they cross, as on a former occasion, by means of a large
tree which lay extended from bank to bank. But the access to the
water for the cattle is somewhat difficult; the banks being, at
least, twelve feet in height and perpendicular. The river has
appended to it the usual series of creeks and lagoons, and in some
places (particularly on the N. or right bank) the terminations of
some high ranges come down so close to the water, that there is no
practicable pass, at least for cattle. On the banks of this river
they remain the night, and prepare for passing it in the morning.
Some fish are caught, in the course of the evening, similar to
those in the Lachlan; and they kill a kangaroo. This river has
been named "the Hovell."*
* Originally the Goulburn, after the late Colonial Secretary. But
as there was, though unknown at the time to Messrs. Hume and
Hovell, another stream named after that gentleman, to prevent
confusion, this river was subsequently named by Captain Sturt, and
Mr. Hume as above.
Saturday, December 4.--By ten (forenoon) the passage of the Hovell
had been completed; the cattle, as usual on these occasions, having
had to cross it by swimming, and as soon as they had become
extricated from the extensive swamps and creeks, which extended
from its banks backwards nearly a mile, they ascend a range, the
foot of which is contiguous to a creek, evidently a tributary to
the Hovell. They now continue their journey in the direction S W.
through an agreeable and picturesque country; the soil good, and
the grass though withered, abundant, studded with here and there a
tree, just sufficient to afford shelter for cattle. From a hill
about four miles distant from the river, they note the gap or
chasm, before mentioned bearing N. by W. distant about eighteen
miles; a hill which they named "Mount Throsby," after the late Mr.
Throsby, Member of Council, N. 30 E. distant about five miles;
Mount Meehan, named after the late Mr. James Meehan, Deputy
Surveyor General of the Territory, the same distance as the last,
about east; a high peak bearing S. by East, distant about sixteen
miles, and a somewhat lofty range bearing S W. distant about twenty
miles, and which they are desirous of reaching.
Seven miles from the Hovell they arrive on the banks of an other
stream. This which is considerably smaller than the former they
themselves pass with the luggage, by means of a tree and the cattle
by swimming, though not without some difficulty and risque from the
channel being choaked with broken trees, the depth of the water and
the muddiness of the banks, from which last circumstance they named
it "Muddy Creek."
One mile from the South or the left bank of this creek, they arrive
on the borders of a forest, where they remain the night.
The forest land situate between the Hovell and the last stream, Mr.
Hume named "Meehan's Forest." They noticed to-day some wattle-
trees, that were covered with a parasitic plant the leaves of which
though smaller and more closely arranged much resembled those of
the peach-tree, also a species of gum-tree that was new to them,
this was in full flower, and remarkably beautiful.
A finer country for sheep cannot exist th